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2024-03-29T14:21:34Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.31.0
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Continuant&diff=721
Edu:Continuant
2020-01-21T23:06:44Z
<p>Tsch: </p>
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<div>== Continuant ==<br />
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:1. Entities that continue or persist through time, such as [[Edu:object|objects]], [[Edu:quality | qualities]], and [[Edu:function|functions]]. (Source: Arp, R., & Smith, B. (2008). ''Function, Role, and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology'', Retrieved from [http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1941/version/1/files/npre20081941-1.pdf])<br />
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:2. Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) 2.0 OWL file defines 'continuant' as 'an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity.' ( [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/v2.0/bfo.owl BFO 2.0 OWL])<br />
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:3. [DOLCE] [[Edu:entity | Entities]] that are ‘in time’, they are ‘wholly’ present (all their proper parts are present) at any time of their existence. (Source: Masolo, C., Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., & Oltramari, A. (2003). ''WonderWeb Deliverable D18'', Retrieved from [http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/D18.pdf]).<br />
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:4. [BFO2.0] An [[Edu:entity|entity]] that ''continues'' or ''persists'' through time, including (1) independent [[Edu:object|objects]], (2) [[Edu:quality | qualities]] and [[Edu:disposition|dispositions]], and (3) the [[Edu:spatial region|spatial regions]] these [[Edu:entity | entities]] occupy at any given time. [[Edu:Continuant|'''Continuant''']] and [[Edu:occurrent|'''occurrent''']] are the two highest categories ([[Edu:universal|universal]]s) in [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]]. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* In [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]] Continuants are contrasted with (and disjoint with) [[Edu:Occurrent | Occurrent]].<br />
* 'Endurant' is the term used in DOLCE. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#masoloetal2015|Masolo et al., 2003]]])<br />
* In applied ontology Continuant and Endurant are commonly taken as synonyms, also widely in philosophy, although a bit more attention may be paid there, cf. [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/temporal-parts/ Hawley], 2015, near end of section 2.<br />
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Synonymous with [[Synonym::Edu:Endurant]]<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Defined_Class&diff=720
Edu:Defined Class
2020-01-21T23:04:00Z
<p>Tsch: /* Defined Class */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Defined Class ==<br />
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:1. [BFO2.0] A collection of [[Edu:individual|individuals]] that are grouped together by virtue of their exhibiting some combination of characteristics that does not correspond to any [[Edu:universal|universal]]. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Defined_Class&diff=719
Edu:Defined Class
2020-01-21T23:03:38Z
<p>Tsch: Changed reference.</p>
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<div><br />
== Defined Class ==<br />
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:1. [BFO2.0] A collection of [[Edu:individual|individuals]] that are grouped together by virtue of their exhibiting some combination of characteristics that does not correspond to any [[Edu:universal|universal]]. ([[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Class&diff=718
Edu:Class
2020-01-21T23:01:58Z
<p>Tsch: Added additional definitions of</p>
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<div><br />
== Class ==<br />
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:1. [Natural Language] A group, set, or kind sharing common attributes [[Edu:term|term]] (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/class)<br />
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:2 [Knowledge Representation] A collection of individuals or objects. (Diego Calvanese; Giuseppe De Giacomo; Maurizio Lenzerini (2002). ''Description Logics: Foundations for Class-based Knowledge Representation'')<br />
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:2. [BFO2.0] A maximal collection of [[Edu:particular|particular]]s falling under a given general [[Edu:term|term]]; also called the extension of the [[Edu:term|term]] (or of the [[Edu:universal|universal]] that the term denotes), ([[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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:4. [BioMedical ontology research and development] - A CLASS is a collection of all and only the [[Edu:particular|particulars]] to which a given general [[Edu:term|term]] applies. Where the general [[Edu:term|term]] in question refers to a [[Edu:universal|universal]], then the corresponding class, called the EXTENSION of the [[Edu:universal|universal]] (at a given time), comprehends all and only those [[Edu:particular|particulars]] which as a matter of fact instantiate the corresponding [[Edu:universal|universal]] (at that time). The totality of classes is wider than the totality of extensions of [[Edu:universal|universals]] since it includes also [[Edu:DefinedClass|DefinedClasses]], designated by [[Edu:term|terms]] like ‘employee of Swedish bank’, ‘daughter of Finnish spy’ (Source: Smith, B., Kusnierczyk, W., Schober, D., & Ceusters, W. (2006). [http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Terminology_for_Ontologies.pdf Towards a Reference Terminology for Ontology Research and Development in the Biomedical Domain]. O. Bodenreider (Ed.), ''Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Formal Biomedical Knowledge Representation: "Biomedical Ontology in Action" (KR-MED 2006), Baltimore, USA'' (pp. 57-65). Aachen: CEUR-WS.)<br />
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:5. [Object Oriented Programming} An extensible program-code-template for creating objects, providing initial values for state (member variables) and implementations of behavior (member functions or methods) (Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_%28computer_programming%29 Wikipedia - Class (computer programming)]).<br />
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:6 [Set Theory] A collection of sets (or sometimes other mathematical objects) that can be unambiguously defined by a property that all its members share. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(set_theory))<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
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* "class" has a clear meaning in the context of XML; but its meaning is clearly defined in the context of the BFO and the OBO Foundry. I don't think we'd want to tell people to only use "class" in one of those two ways, but we could explain the difference across contexts."<br />
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[[Category:Term| ]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Category&diff=717
Edu:Category
2020-01-21T22:48:12Z
<p>Tsch: </p>
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<div><br />
== Category ==<br />
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:1. A division within a system of classification.<br />
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:2. Any of several fundamental and distinct classes to which entities or concepts belong. Reference: Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary 2004 v.3.1 electronic edition. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/category<br />
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:3. [BFO2.0] A formal (which is to say, domain-neutral) [[Edu:universal|universal]], such as [[Edu:entity|entity]], [[Edu:continuant|continuant]], or [[Edu:occurrent|occurrent]]. [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ]<br />
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:4. A property that is [[Edu:Rigidity|rigid]] but does not carry a specific identity criteria. [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#Guarino1999|Guarino, 1999]] ]<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Ontology&diff=716
Edu:Ontology
2020-01-21T22:45:25Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting of definitions from https://www.lexico.com/definition/ontology and corrected numbering.</p>
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<div><br />
== Ontology ==<br />
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=== Ontology (count noun) ===<br />
:1. A particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds of things that have existence (Merriam-Webster online: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ontology)<br />
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:2. (mass noun) The branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being. (1, https://www.lexico.com/definition/ontology)<br />
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:3. A set of concepts and categories in a subject area or domain that shows their properties and the relations between them. (2, (https://www.lexico.com/definition/ontology)<br />
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:4. A catalog of the types of things that are assumed to exist in a domain of interest D from the perspective of a person who uses a language L for the purpose of talking about [the domain] D. (P.492, "Knowledge Representation - Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations" by John F. Sowa (2000))<br />
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:5. The catalogue of concepts (constants, relations, functions, etc.) used to represent knowledge about a problem domain (p.44, "KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND REASONING" by Ronald J. Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (2004))<br />
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:6. An ontology is a representational artifact, comprising a taxonomy as proper part, whose representational units are intended to designate some combination of universals, defined classes, and certain relations between them (Smith, B., Kusnierczyk, W., Schober, D., Ceusters, W. Towards a Reference Terminology for Ontology Research and Development in the Biomedical Domain. KR-MED 2006 “Biomedical Ontology in Action”. November 8, 2006, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Terminology_for_Ontologies.pdf)<br />
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:7. An ontology is a logical theory accounting for the intended meaning of a formal vocabulary, i.e. its ontological commitment to a particular conceptualization of the world. The intended models of a logical language using such a vocabulary are constrained by its ontological commitment. An ontology indirectly reflects this commitment (and the underlying conceptualization) by approximating these intended models. (Guarino, N. (1998). Formal ontology and information systems. In Guarino, N., editor, Proceedings of Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS’98), Frontiers in Artificial intelligence and Applications, pages 3-15. Amsterdam: IOS Press. ([http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/FOIS98.pdf paper]))<br />
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=== Ontology ===<br />
# TBA. This subsection is intended for Ontology as in philosophy (like the "branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being" sort of definitions)<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* In the context of OWL (Web Ontology Language) an ontology is equivalent to a Description Logic knowledge base. (Horrocks, I., Patel-Schneider, P. F., and van Harmelen, F. From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: The making of a web ontology language. Journal of Web Semantics, 2003, 1(1):7. ([http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Publications/download/2003/HoPH03a.pdf paper])<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Ontology&diff=715
Edu:Ontology
2020-01-21T22:42:58Z
<p>Tsch: Added additional definitions from https://www.lexico.com/definition/ontology.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Ontology ==<br />
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=== Ontology (count noun) ===<br />
:1. A particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds of things that have existence (Merriam-Webster online: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ontology)<br />
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:2. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/ontology)<br />
:* (mass noun) i. The branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.<br />
:* ii. set of concepts and categories in a subject area or domain that shows their properties and the relations between them.<br />
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:2. A catalog of the types of things that are assumed to exist in a domain of interest D from the perspective of a person who uses a language L for the purpose of talking about [the domain] D. (P.492, "Knowledge Representation - Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations" by John F. Sowa (2000))<br />
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:3. The catalogue of concepts (constants, relations, functions, etc.) used to represent knowledge about a problem domain (p.44, "KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND REASONING" by Ronald J. Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (2004))<br />
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:4. An ontology is a representational artifact, comprising a taxonomy as proper part, whose representational units are intended to designate some combination of universals, defined classes, and certain relations between them (Smith, B., Kusnierczyk, W., Schober, D., Ceusters, W. Towards a Reference Terminology for Ontology Research and Development in the Biomedical Domain. KR-MED 2006 “Biomedical Ontology in Action”. November 8, 2006, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Terminology_for_Ontologies.pdf)<br />
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:5. An ontology is a logical theory accounting for the intended meaning of a formal vocabulary, i.e. its ontological commitment to a particular conceptualization of the world. The intended models of a logical language using such a vocabulary are constrained by its ontological commitment. An ontology indirectly reflects this commitment (and the underlying conceptualization) by approximating these intended models. (Guarino, N. (1998). Formal ontology and information systems. In Guarino, N., editor, Proceedings of Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS’98), Frontiers in Artificial intelligence and Applications, pages 3-15. Amsterdam: IOS Press. ([http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/FOIS98.pdf paper]))<br />
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=== Ontology ===<br />
# TBA. This subsection is intended for Ontology as in philosophy (like the "branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being" sort of definitions)<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* In the context of OWL (Web Ontology Language) an ontology is equivalent to a Description Logic knowledge base. (Horrocks, I., Patel-Schneider, P. F., and van Harmelen, F. From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: The making of a web ontology language. Journal of Web Semantics, 2003, 1(1):7. ([http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Publications/download/2003/HoPH03a.pdf paper])<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu_talk:Universal&diff=714
Edu talk:Universal
2020-01-20T22:10:35Z
<p>Tsch: Added question about source.</p>
<hr />
<div>* Is the source of the items under #1 on the main 'Universal' page the same, i.e. 'The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy'?<br />
** common names (p.128)<br />
** names rather than entities in their own right (p.474 'nominalism').<br />
** are terms invented by the mind to talk about similarities (p.475)<br />
** Something is universal if it pertains to all members of a class or is unlimited, such as a universal law. [...] A universal expresses abstract features, such as justice, beauty, wisdom, and goodness (p.714 'universal')</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Universal&diff=713
Edu:Universal
2020-01-20T22:07:56Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting; Added 'Commentary' section and moved reference to 'Realism' to it.</p>
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<div><br />
== Universal ==<br />
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:1. exist as thoughts or concepts formed by the knowing mind. They are mental representations or ideas, conceptualized out of the particular things to which they apply. Their main function is to serve as principles of classification. (p.128, 'Conceptualism', in The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy)<br />
:* common names (p.128)<br />
:* names rather than entities in their own right (p.474 'nominalism'). <br />
:* are terms invented by the mind to talk about similarities (p.475)<br />
:* Something is universal if it pertains to all members of a class or is unlimited, such as a universal law. [...] A universal expresses abstract features, such as justice, beauty, wisdom, and goodness (p.714 'universal')<br />
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:2. Entities that can have instances. ([http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/D18.pdf WonderWeb Deliverable D18]) <br />
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:3. [BFO2.0] A mind-independent, repeatable feature of reality that exists only as instantiated in a respective [[Edu:particular|particular]] (individual thing, instance) and is also dependent upon a particular for its existence. For example, the two universals ''red'' and ''ball'' are instantiated in a red ball lying on the floor. All particulars stand in the instantiation relation to some universal. Universals are the sorts of entities that are represented by general terms used in the formulation of scientific laws ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ]).<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* Realism claims that universals are mind-independent objective entities, which can in principle be exemplified or instantiated by a number of different things. On the basis of this objective entity, predicateexpressions can be applied to many subjects. (p.714, The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy)<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Terminology&diff=712
Edu:Terminology
2020-01-20T21:59:26Z
<p>Tsch: /* Terminology */ Revised formatting; Added natural language definition.</p>
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<div><br />
== Terminology==<br />
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:1. [Natural Language] (mass noun) The body of terms used with a particular technical application in a subject of study, profession, etc. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/terminology)<br />
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:2. [BFO2.0] A representational artifact containing a list of [[Edu:term|terms]], complete with definitions, used in some [[Edu:domain|domain]] and formulated in a natural language. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Term&diff=711
Edu:Term
2020-01-20T21:57:23Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting; Replaced natural definition.</p>
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<div><br />
== Term ==<br />
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:1. [Natural Language] (https://www.lexico.com/definition/term)<br />
:* A word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of study.<br />
:* (Logic) A word or words that may be the subject or predicate of a proposition.<br />
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:2. [BFO2.0] A noun or noun phrase, understood as a linguistic sign, that is utilized to represent some [[Edu:entity|entity]] in the world. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Term_List&diff=710
Edu:Term List
2020-01-20T21:54:16Z
<p>Tsch: Moved 'Temporal region' under 'Region'.</p>
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<div><br />
This website is devoted to '''terms and their definitions used in applied ontology'''. It is intended to provide guidance on the meanings and uses of terms, which may vary greatly due to the multi-disciplinary character of the field. The terms are listed in alphabetical order.<br />
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Please be aware that the development of the term list is an ongoing and continuing project. '''As of June 2017, the term list is in an initial, preliminary stage''', where first terms and, for some of them, first definitions have been gathered. Use the discussion tab on this page (or any other page in the wiki) for any discussion about the content on the page.<br />
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We welcome '''contributions''' in any form. Please submit proposals of content to be included (terms, definitions, references) as well as any comments or criticism to <big>iaoa-education@ovgu.de</big>, the [https://listserv.ovgu.de/mailman/listinfo/iaoa-education|mailing list] of the IAOA Education Committee. Better yet join the committee! ;-) <br />
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----<br />
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== Terms for Central General Notions==<br />
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* [[Edu:Category|Category]]<br />
* [[Edu:Class|Class]]<br />
** [[Edu:Defined Class|Defined Class]]<br />
* [[Edu:Concept|Concept]]<br />
* [[Edu:Continuant|Continuant]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Endurant|Endurant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Controlled Vocabulary|Controlled Vocabulary]]<br />
* [[Edu:Disposition|Disposition]]<br />
* [[Edu:Domain|Domain]]<br />
* [[Edu:Endurant|Endurant]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Continuant|Continuant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Entity|Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Abstract Entity|Abstract Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Concrete Entity|Concrete Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Immaterial Entity|Immaterial Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Material Entity|Material Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Realizable Entity|Realizable Entity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Event|Event]]<br />
* [[Edu:Function|Function]]<br />
* [[Edu:Granularity|Granularity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Identity|Identity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Identity Criteria|Identity Criteria]]<br />
* [[Edu:Individual|Individual]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Particular|Particular]], [[Edu:Instance|Instance]]<br />
* [[Edu:Inherence|Inherence]]<br />
* [[Edu:Instance|Instance]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Particular|Particular]], [[Edu:Individual|Individual]]<br />
* [[Edu:Instantiation|Instantiation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Interpretation|Interpretation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Kind|Kind]]<br />
* [[Edu:Logic|Logic]]<br />
* [[Edu:Mass|Mass]] <br />
* [[Edu:Member|Member]]<br />
* [[Edu:Mereology|Mereology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Model|Model]]<br />
* [[Edu:Object|Object]]<br />
* [[Edu:Occurrent|Occurrent]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Perdurant|Perdurant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Ontology|Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Task Ontology|Task Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Application Ontology|Application Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Domain Ontology|Domain Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Reference Ontology|Reference Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Generic Ontology|Generic Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' – [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]], [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' – [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]], [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' - [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]], [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Open-world Assumption|Open-world Assumption]]<br />
* [[Edu:Parthood|Parthood]]<br />
* [[Edu:Particular|Particular]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Individual|Individual]], [[Edu:Instance|Instance]]<br />
* [[Edu:Perdurant|Perdurant]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Occurrent|Occurrent]]<br />
* [[Edu:Predicate|Predicate]]<br />
* [[Edu:Process|Process]]<br />
** [[Edu:Process boundary|Process boundary]]<br />
* [[Edu:Property|Property]]<br />
* [[Edu:Quality|Quality]]<br />
** [[Edu:Relational Quality|Relational Quality]]<br />
* [[Edu:Region|Region]]<br />
** [[Edu:Spatial region|Spatial region]]<br />
** [[Edu:Spatiotemporal region|Spatiotemporal region]]<br />
** [[Edu:Temporal region|Temporal region]]<br />
* [[Edu:Rigidity|Rigidity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Role|Role]]<br />
* [[Edu:Relation|Relation]]<br />
** [[Edu:Particular-Particular Relation|Particular-Particular Relation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Semantics|Semantics]]<br />
* [[Edu:Sortal|Sortal]]<br />
* [[Edu:Stuff|Stuff]] <br />
* [[Edu:Taxonomy|Taxonomy]]<br />
* [[Edu:Term|Term]]<br />
* [[Edu:Terminology|Terminology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Type|Type]]<br />
* [[Edu:Universal|Universal]]<br />
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== Terms for Peripheral General Notions==<br />
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<br />
* Continuant<br />
** [[Edu:Continuant Fiat Boundary|Continuant Fiat Boundary]]<br />
** [[Edu:Generically Dependent Continuant|Generically Dependent Continuant]]<br />
** [[Edu:Independent Continuant|Independent Continuant]]<br />
** [[Edu:Specifically Dependent Continuant|Specifically Dependent Continuant]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Essence|Essence]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Exemplification|Exemplification]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Fiat Object Part|Fiat Object Part]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Metaphysics|Metaphysics]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Necessity|Necessity]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Model Theory|Model Theory]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Object Aggregate|Object Aggregate]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Semantic Interoperability|Semantic Interoperability]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Trope|Trope]]<br />
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== Terms Naming Particular Entities==<br />
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Particular ontologies<br />
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* [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO|Basic Formal Ontology - BFO]]<br />
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* [[Edu:CYC ontology|CYC ontology]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive. Engineering - DOLCE|Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive. Engineering - DOLCE]]<br />
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* [[Edu:General Formal Ontology - GFO|General Formal Ontology - GFO]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Unified Foundational Ontology - UFO|Unified Foundational Ontology - UFO]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology - YAMATO|Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology - YAMATO]]<br />
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Particular ontology languages<br />
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* [[Edu:Common Logic - CL|Common Logic - CL]]<br />
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* [[Edu:Description Logic - DL|Description Logic - DL]]<br />
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* [[Edu:First Order Logic - FOL|First Order Logic - FOL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Web Ontology Language - OWL|Web Ontology Language - OWL]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Temporal_region&diff=709
Edu:Temporal region
2020-01-20T21:53:15Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Temporal Region==<br />
<br />
:1. An [[Edu:occurrent|occurrent]] [[Edu:entity|entity]] that is a part of time. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Taxonomy&diff=708
Edu:Taxonomy
2020-01-20T21:52:12Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting; Added natural language definition(s).</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
:1. [Natural Language] (https://www.lexico.com/definition/taxonomy)<br />
<br />
:* The branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics.<br />
:* The classification of something, especially organisms.<br />
:* (count noun) A scheme of classification.<br />
<br />
<br />
:2. A representational artifact taking the form of a graph with nodes representing kinds of things ([[Edu:universal|universals]]) and edges representing subtype or subclass (is-a) [[Edu:relation|relation]]s among these [[Edu:type|types]] of things. The most familiar kind of taxonomy is the classification of living things: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Term_List&diff=707
Edu:Term List
2020-01-20T21:10:57Z
<p>Tsch: Deleted 'Semantic Interoperability' from term list.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
This website is devoted to '''terms and their definitions used in applied ontology'''. It is intended to provide guidance on the meanings and uses of terms, which may vary greatly due to the multi-disciplinary character of the field. The terms are listed in alphabetical order.<br />
<br />
Please be aware that the development of the term list is an ongoing and continuing project. '''As of June 2017, the term list is in an initial, preliminary stage''', where first terms and, for some of them, first definitions have been gathered. Use the discussion tab on this page (or any other page in the wiki) for any discussion about the content on the page.<br />
<br />
We welcome '''contributions''' in any form. Please submit proposals of content to be included (terms, definitions, references) as well as any comments or criticism to <big>iaoa-education@ovgu.de</big>, the [https://listserv.ovgu.de/mailman/listinfo/iaoa-education|mailing list] of the IAOA Education Committee. Better yet join the committee! ;-) <br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
== Terms for Central General Notions==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Category|Category]]<br />
* [[Edu:Class|Class]]<br />
** [[Edu:Defined Class|Defined Class]]<br />
* [[Edu:Concept|Concept]]<br />
* [[Edu:Continuant|Continuant]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Endurant|Endurant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Controlled Vocabulary|Controlled Vocabulary]]<br />
* [[Edu:Disposition|Disposition]]<br />
* [[Edu:Domain|Domain]]<br />
* [[Edu:Endurant|Endurant]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Continuant|Continuant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Entity|Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Abstract Entity|Abstract Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Concrete Entity|Concrete Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Immaterial Entity|Immaterial Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Material Entity|Material Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Realizable Entity|Realizable Entity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Event|Event]]<br />
* [[Edu:Function|Function]]<br />
* [[Edu:Granularity|Granularity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Identity|Identity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Identity Criteria|Identity Criteria]]<br />
* [[Edu:Individual|Individual]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Particular|Particular]], [[Edu:Instance|Instance]]<br />
* [[Edu:Inherence|Inherence]]<br />
* [[Edu:Instance|Instance]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Particular|Particular]], [[Edu:Individual|Individual]]<br />
* [[Edu:Instantiation|Instantiation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Interpretation|Interpretation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Kind|Kind]]<br />
* [[Edu:Logic|Logic]]<br />
* [[Edu:Mass|Mass]] <br />
* [[Edu:Member|Member]]<br />
* [[Edu:Mereology|Mereology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Model|Model]]<br />
* [[Edu:Object|Object]]<br />
* [[Edu:Occurrent|Occurrent]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Perdurant|Perdurant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Ontology|Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Task Ontology|Task Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Application Ontology|Application Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Domain Ontology|Domain Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Reference Ontology|Reference Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Generic Ontology|Generic Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' – [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]], [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' – [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]], [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' - [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]], [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Open-world Assumption|Open-world Assumption]]<br />
* [[Edu:Parthood|Parthood]]<br />
* [[Edu:Particular|Particular]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Individual|Individual]], [[Edu:Instance|Instance]]<br />
* [[Edu:Perdurant|Perdurant]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Occurrent|Occurrent]]<br />
* [[Edu:Predicate|Predicate]]<br />
* [[Edu:Process|Process]]<br />
** [[Edu:Process boundary|Process boundary]]<br />
* [[Edu:Property|Property]]<br />
* [[Edu:Quality|Quality]]<br />
** [[Edu:Relational Quality|Relational Quality]]<br />
* [[Edu:Region|Region]]<br />
** [[Edu:Spatial region|Spatial region]]<br />
** [[Edu:Spatiotemporal region|Spatiotemporal region]]<br />
* [[Edu:Rigidity|Rigidity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Role|Role]]<br />
* [[Edu:Relation|Relation]]<br />
** [[Edu:Particular-Particular Relation|Particular-Particular Relation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Semantics|Semantics]]<br />
* [[Edu:Sortal|Sortal]]<br />
* [[Edu:Stuff|Stuff]] <br />
* [[Edu:Taxonomy|Taxonomy]]<br />
* [[Edu:Temporal region|Temporal region]]<br />
* [[Edu:Term|Term]]<br />
* [[Edu:Terminology|Terminology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Type|Type]]<br />
* [[Edu:Universal|Universal]]<br />
<br />
== Terms for Peripheral General Notions==<br />
<br />
<br />
* Continuant<br />
** [[Edu:Continuant Fiat Boundary|Continuant Fiat Boundary]]<br />
** [[Edu:Generically Dependent Continuant|Generically Dependent Continuant]]<br />
** [[Edu:Independent Continuant|Independent Continuant]]<br />
** [[Edu:Specifically Dependent Continuant|Specifically Dependent Continuant]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Essence|Essence]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Exemplification|Exemplification]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Fiat Object Part|Fiat Object Part]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Metaphysics|Metaphysics]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Necessity|Necessity]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Model Theory|Model Theory]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Object Aggregate|Object Aggregate]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Semantic Interoperability|Semantic Interoperability]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Trope|Trope]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Terms Naming Particular Entities==<br />
<br />
<br />
Particular ontologies<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO|Basic Formal Ontology - BFO]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:CYC ontology|CYC ontology]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive. Engineering - DOLCE|Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive. Engineering - DOLCE]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:General Formal Ontology - GFO|General Formal Ontology - GFO]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Unified Foundational Ontology - UFO|Unified Foundational Ontology - UFO]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology - YAMATO|Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology - YAMATO]]<br />
<br />
Particular ontology languages<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Common Logic - CL|Common Logic - CL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Description Logic - DL|Description Logic - DL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:First Order Logic - FOL|First Order Logic - FOL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Web Ontology Language - OWL|Web Ontology Language - OWL]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Spatiotemporal_region&diff=706
Edu:Spatiotemporal region
2020-01-20T21:09:27Z
<p>Tsch: /* Spatiotemporal Region */ Revised formatting.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Spatiotemporal Region==<br />
<br />
:1. [BFO2.0] An [[Edu:occurrent|occurrent]] [[Edu:entity|entity]] at or in which [[Edu:occurrent|occurrent]] [[Edu:entity | entities]] can be located. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Term_List&diff=705
Edu:Term List
2020-01-20T21:07:05Z
<p>Tsch: /* Terms for Central General Notions */ Added 'Region'; Moved 'Spatial Region' and 'Spatiotemporal Region' under 'Region'.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
This website is devoted to '''terms and their definitions used in applied ontology'''. It is intended to provide guidance on the meanings and uses of terms, which may vary greatly due to the multi-disciplinary character of the field. The terms are listed in alphabetical order.<br />
<br />
Please be aware that the development of the term list is an ongoing and continuing project. '''As of June 2017, the term list is in an initial, preliminary stage''', where first terms and, for some of them, first definitions have been gathered. Use the discussion tab on this page (or any other page in the wiki) for any discussion about the content on the page.<br />
<br />
We welcome '''contributions''' in any form. Please submit proposals of content to be included (terms, definitions, references) as well as any comments or criticism to <big>iaoa-education@ovgu.de</big>, the [https://listserv.ovgu.de/mailman/listinfo/iaoa-education|mailing list] of the IAOA Education Committee. Better yet join the committee! ;-) <br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
== Terms for Central General Notions==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Category|Category]]<br />
* [[Edu:Class|Class]]<br />
** [[Edu:Defined Class|Defined Class]]<br />
* [[Edu:Concept|Concept]]<br />
* [[Edu:Continuant|Continuant]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Endurant|Endurant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Controlled Vocabulary|Controlled Vocabulary]]<br />
* [[Edu:Disposition|Disposition]]<br />
* [[Edu:Domain|Domain]]<br />
* [[Edu:Endurant|Endurant]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Continuant|Continuant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Entity|Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Abstract Entity|Abstract Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Concrete Entity|Concrete Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Immaterial Entity|Immaterial Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Material Entity|Material Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Realizable Entity|Realizable Entity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Event|Event]]<br />
* [[Edu:Function|Function]]<br />
* [[Edu:Granularity|Granularity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Identity|Identity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Identity Criteria|Identity Criteria]]<br />
* [[Edu:Individual|Individual]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Particular|Particular]], [[Edu:Instance|Instance]]<br />
* [[Edu:Inherence|Inherence]]<br />
* [[Edu:Instance|Instance]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Particular|Particular]], [[Edu:Individual|Individual]]<br />
* [[Edu:Instantiation|Instantiation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Interpretation|Interpretation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Kind|Kind]]<br />
* [[Edu:Logic|Logic]]<br />
* [[Edu:Mass|Mass]] <br />
* [[Edu:Member|Member]]<br />
* [[Edu:Mereology|Mereology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Model|Model]]<br />
* [[Edu:Object|Object]]<br />
* [[Edu:Occurrent|Occurrent]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Perdurant|Perdurant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Ontology|Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Task Ontology|Task Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Application Ontology|Application Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Domain Ontology|Domain Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Reference Ontology|Reference Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Generic Ontology|Generic Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' – [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]], [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' – [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]], [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' - [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]], [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Open-world Assumption|Open-world Assumption]]<br />
* [[Edu:Parthood|Parthood]]<br />
* [[Edu:Particular|Particular]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Individual|Individual]], [[Edu:Instance|Instance]]<br />
* [[Edu:Perdurant|Perdurant]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Occurrent|Occurrent]]<br />
* [[Edu:Predicate|Predicate]]<br />
* [[Edu:Process|Process]]<br />
** [[Edu:Process boundary|Process boundary]]<br />
* [[Edu:Property|Property]]<br />
* [[Edu:Quality|Quality]]<br />
** [[Edu:Relational Quality|Relational Quality]]<br />
* [[Edu:Region|Region]]<br />
** [[Edu:Spatial region|Spatial region]]<br />
** [[Edu:Spatiotemporal region|Spatiotemporal region]]<br />
* [[Edu:Rigidity|Rigidity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Role|Role]]<br />
* [[Edu:Relation|Relation]]<br />
** [[Edu:Particular-Particular Relation|Particular-Particular Relation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Semantics|Semantics]]<br />
* [[Edu:Semantic Interoperability|Semantic Interoperability]]<br />
* [[Edu:Sortal|Sortal]]<br />
* [[Edu:Stuff|Stuff]] <br />
* [[Edu:Taxonomy|Taxonomy]]<br />
* [[Edu:Temporal region|Temporal region]]<br />
* [[Edu:Term|Term]]<br />
* [[Edu:Terminology|Terminology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Type|Type]]<br />
* [[Edu:Universal|Universal]]<br />
<br />
== Terms for Peripheral General Notions==<br />
<br />
<br />
* Continuant<br />
** [[Edu:Continuant Fiat Boundary|Continuant Fiat Boundary]]<br />
** [[Edu:Generically Dependent Continuant|Generically Dependent Continuant]]<br />
** [[Edu:Independent Continuant|Independent Continuant]]<br />
** [[Edu:Specifically Dependent Continuant|Specifically Dependent Continuant]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Essence|Essence]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Exemplification|Exemplification]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Fiat Object Part|Fiat Object Part]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Metaphysics|Metaphysics]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Necessity|Necessity]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Model Theory|Model Theory]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Object Aggregate|Object Aggregate]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Semantic Interoperability|Semantic Interoperability]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Trope|Trope]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Terms Naming Particular Entities==<br />
<br />
<br />
Particular ontologies<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO|Basic Formal Ontology - BFO]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:CYC ontology|CYC ontology]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive. Engineering - DOLCE|Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive. Engineering - DOLCE]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:General Formal Ontology - GFO|General Formal Ontology - GFO]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Unified Foundational Ontology - UFO|Unified Foundational Ontology - UFO]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology - YAMATO|Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology - YAMATO]]<br />
<br />
Particular ontology languages<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Common Logic - CL|Common Logic - CL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Description Logic - DL|Description Logic - DL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:First Order Logic - FOL|First Order Logic - FOL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Web Ontology Language - OWL|Web Ontology Language - OWL]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Spatial_region&diff=704
Edu:Spatial region
2020-01-20T21:02:37Z
<p>Tsch: /* Spatial Region */ Revised formatting.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Spatial Region==<br />
<br />
:1. [BFO2.0] A [[Edu:continuant|continuant]] [[Edu:entity|entity]] that is a part of space. When an [[Edu:object|object]] moves from one place to another, it occupies a continuous series of different three-dimensional spatial regions at different times. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Sortal&diff=703
Edu:Sortal
2020-01-20T20:57:08Z
<p>Tsch: Added two 'definitions'.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Sortal ==<br />
<br />
:1. [Linguistics Philosophy] Denoting or relating to a term representing a semantic feature that applies to an entity as long as it exists, classifying it as being of a particular kind. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/sortal)<br />
<br />
:2. [Philosophy] The three main ideas are that a sortal<br />
:: i. tells us what the essence of a thing is<br />
:: ii. tells us how to count things of that kind, which requires knowing which things are different and which are the same<br />
:: iii. tells us when something continues to exist, and when it goes out of existence<br />
:: (Grandy, Richard E., "Sortals", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/sortals/)</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Term_List&diff=702
Edu:Term List
2020-01-20T18:46:44Z
<p>Tsch: Moved 'Semantic Interoperability' to peripheral list.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
This website is devoted to '''terms and their definitions used in applied ontology'''. It is intended to provide guidance on the meanings and uses of terms, which may vary greatly due to the multi-disciplinary character of the field. The terms are listed in alphabetical order.<br />
<br />
Please be aware that the development of the term list is an ongoing and continuing project. '''As of June 2017, the term list is in an initial, preliminary stage''', where first terms and, for some of them, first definitions have been gathered. Use the discussion tab on this page (or any other page in the wiki) for any discussion about the content on the page.<br />
<br />
We welcome '''contributions''' in any form. Please submit proposals of content to be included (terms, definitions, references) as well as any comments or criticism to <big>iaoa-education@ovgu.de</big>, the [https://listserv.ovgu.de/mailman/listinfo/iaoa-education|mailing list] of the IAOA Education Committee. Better yet join the committee! ;-) <br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
== Terms for Central General Notions==<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Category|Category]]<br />
* [[Edu:Class|Class]]<br />
** [[Edu:Defined Class|Defined Class]]<br />
* [[Edu:Concept|Concept]]<br />
* [[Edu:Continuant|Continuant]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Endurant|Endurant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Controlled Vocabulary|Controlled Vocabulary]]<br />
* [[Edu:Disposition|Disposition]]<br />
* [[Edu:Domain|Domain]]<br />
* [[Edu:Endurant|Endurant]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Continuant|Continuant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Entity|Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Abstract Entity|Abstract Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Concrete Entity|Concrete Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Immaterial Entity|Immaterial Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Material Entity|Material Entity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Realizable Entity|Realizable Entity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Event|Event]]<br />
* [[Edu:Function|Function]]<br />
* [[Edu:Granularity|Granularity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Identity|Identity]]<br />
** [[Edu:Identity Criteria|Identity Criteria]]<br />
* [[Edu:Individual|Individual]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Particular|Particular]], [[Edu:Instance|Instance]]<br />
* [[Edu:Inherence|Inherence]]<br />
* [[Edu:Instance|Instance]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Particular|Particular]], [[Edu:Individual|Individual]]<br />
* [[Edu:Instantiation|Instantiation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Interpretation|Interpretation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Kind|Kind]]<br />
* [[Edu:Logic|Logic]]<br />
* [[Edu:Mass|Mass]] <br />
* [[Edu:Member|Member]]<br />
* [[Edu:Mereology|Mereology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Model|Model]]<br />
* [[Edu:Object|Object]]<br />
* [[Edu:Occurrent|Occurrent]] ''Synonym'': [[Edu:Perdurant|Perdurant]]<br />
* [[Edu:Ontology|Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Task Ontology|Task Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Application Ontology|Application Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Domain Ontology|Domain Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Reference Ontology|Reference Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Generic Ontology|Generic Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' – [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]], [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' – [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]], [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]]<br />
** [[Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level Ontology]] ''Synonyms'' - [[Edu:Foundational Ontology|Foundational Ontology]], [[Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level Ontology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Open-world Assumption|Open-world Assumption]]<br />
* [[Edu:Parthood|Parthood]]<br />
* [[Edu:Particular|Particular]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Individual|Individual]], [[Edu:Instance|Instance]]<br />
* [[Edu:Perdurant|Perdurant]] ''Synonyms'': [[Edu:Occurrent|Occurrent]]<br />
* [[Edu:Predicate|Predicate]]<br />
* [[Edu:Process|Process]]<br />
** [[Edu:Process boundary|Process boundary]]<br />
* [[Edu:Property|Property]]<br />
* [[Edu:Quality|Quality]]<br />
** [[Edu:Relational Quality|Relational Quality]]<br />
* [[Edu:Rigidity|Rigidity]]<br />
* [[Edu:Role|Role]]<br />
* [[Edu:Relation|Relation]]<br />
** [[Edu:Particular-Particular Relation|Particular-Particular Relation]]<br />
* [[Edu:Semantics|Semantics]]<br />
* [[Edu:Semantic Interoperability|Semantic Interoperability]]<br />
* [[Edu:Sortal|Sortal]]<br />
* [[Edu:Spatial region|Spatial region]]<br />
* [[Edu:Spatiotemporal region|Spatiotemporal region]]<br />
* [[Edu:Stuff|Stuff]] <br />
* [[Edu:Taxonomy|Taxonomy]]<br />
* [[Edu:Temporal region|Temporal region]]<br />
* [[Edu:Term|Term]]<br />
* [[Edu:Terminology|Terminology]]<br />
* [[Edu:Type|Type]]<br />
* [[Edu:Universal|Universal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Terms for Peripheral General Notions==<br />
<br />
<br />
* Continuant<br />
** [[Edu:Continuant Fiat Boundary|Continuant Fiat Boundary]]<br />
** [[Edu:Generically Dependent Continuant|Generically Dependent Continuant]]<br />
** [[Edu:Independent Continuant|Independent Continuant]]<br />
** [[Edu:Specifically Dependent Continuant|Specifically Dependent Continuant]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Essence|Essence]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Exemplification|Exemplification]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Fiat Object Part|Fiat Object Part]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Metaphysics|Metaphysics]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Necessity|Necessity]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Model Theory|Model Theory]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Object Aggregate|Object Aggregate]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Semantic Interoperability|Semantic Interoperability]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Trope|Trope]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Terms Naming Particular Entities==<br />
<br />
<br />
Particular ontologies<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO|Basic Formal Ontology - BFO]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:CYC ontology|CYC ontology]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive. Engineering - DOLCE|Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive. Engineering - DOLCE]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:General Formal Ontology - GFO|General Formal Ontology - GFO]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Unified Foundational Ontology - UFO|Unified Foundational Ontology - UFO]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology - YAMATO|Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology - YAMATO]]<br />
<br />
Particular ontology languages<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Common Logic - CL|Common Logic - CL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Description Logic - DL|Description Logic - DL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:First Order Logic - FOL|First Order Logic - FOL]]<br />
<br />
* [[Edu:Web Ontology Language - OWL|Web Ontology Language - OWL]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Semantics&diff=701
Edu:Semantics
2020-01-20T18:44:56Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting and added natural language definition.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Semantics==<br />
<br />
:1. [Natural Language] The meaning of a word, phrase, or text. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/semantics)<br />
<br />
:2. [Logic] The semantics of a logic is its formal theory of truth.<br />
<br />
:3. [Semiotics] The relationship between a sign of a language to reality; in contrast to its relationship to other signs (syntax) and to the use of the sign (pragmatics).<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Relation&diff=700
Edu:Relation
2020-01-20T18:41:16Z
<p>Tsch: Moved first three entries from 'Discussion' page to main 'Relation' page.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Relation==<br />
<br />
''Disambiguation'': The term 'Relation' as used in the literature may refer to one of the following, depending on the context:<br />
* Instance-level [[Edu:entity|entity]]<br />
* Type-level [[Edu:entity|entity]], used interchangeably with, mainly, relationship (e.g., in Entity-Relationship diagrams), association (UML class diagrams), and object property (in OWL)<br />
* Its definitions in mathematics, notably [[Edu:Logic | logic]] <br />
<br />
<br />
'''D1''' (as instance-level entity)<br />
* '''A relation is an [[Edu:Entity|entity]] that asserts a (meaningful) connection between two or more other entities, where the entities are [[Edu:Individual | individuals]], such as [[Edu:Object | objects]], [[Edu:Process | processes]], or [[Edu:Quality | qualities]]. '''<br />
<br />
'''D2''' (as type-level entity)<br />
* '''A relation is an [[Edu:Entity|entity]] that asserts a (meaningful) connection between two or more other entities, where the entities are generally denoted with [[Edu:Class | class]]/[[Edu:Concept | concept]]/[[Edu:Universal | universal]].'''<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Definitions===<br />
<br />
:1. [Natural Language] The way in which two or more people or things are connected. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/relation)<br />
<br />
:2. Relations hold between things, or, alternatively, relations are borne by one thing to other things, or, another alternative paraphrase, relations have a subject of inherence whose relations they are and termini to which they relate the subject. ( [[Edu:TermlistReferences#MacBride2016 | MacBride, 2016]] ])<br />
<br />
:3. [BFO2.0] The manner in which two or more [[Edu:entity | entities]] are associated or connected together. [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]] recognizes three basic types of relation: connecting [[Edu:universal|universal]] to [[Edu:universal|universal]], [[Edu:universal|universal]] to [[Edu:particular|particular]], and [[Edu:particular|particular]] to [[Edu:particular|particular]]. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
<br />
:3. A relationship set, ''R'', is a mathematical relation among ''n'' entities, each taken from an entity set: {(e1, e2, ..., en) | e1 &isin; E1, e2 &isin; E2, ..., en &isin; En}, and each tuple of entities, (e1, e2, ..., en), is a ''relationship''. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#Chen1976 | Chen, 1976]] ])<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Commentary '''<br />
* Guarino and Guizzardi have presented a view that a 'relationship' and 'relation' are different, " ... a relation holds in virtue of a relationship's existence. Relationships are therefore truthmakers of relations." (https://www.academia.edu/28108703/Relationships_and_Events_Towards_a_General_Theory_of_Reification_and_Truthmaking and https://www.academia.edu/11814659/_We_need_to_discuss_the_Relationship_Revisiting_Relationships_as_Modeling_Constructs)<br />
* [[Edu:Predicate|Predicate]] is also used in relation to ''relation'', but that covers either sense as well, and it can be unary (which a relation cannot be).<br />
* ''Relation'' has a specific meaning in relational database theory, it being a set of tuples (d1, d2, ..., dn) where each dj (with 1 <= j <= n) is a member of data domain Dj. (reference: any database text book)<br />
* If one takes the mathematics definition of ''relation'', then also functions and attributes are relations.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Closely Related Terms '''<br />
<br />
* Domain and range/codomain, also called, more generally, relata<br />
* Relational properties / property characteristics<br />
* The entities mentioned in the definitions above may be one and the same; if that is the case, then that relation is called a ''recursive relation''. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu_talk:Relation&diff=699
Edu talk:Relation
2020-01-20T18:40:34Z
<p>Tsch: Moved first three entries to main 'Relation' page.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
* The definitions above are my own (M Keet), as the sources consulted either had a formal definition alike in the database context, or informal hand waiving descriptions on having to do with 'between', rather than a neat definition that could be copied.</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Relation&diff=698
Edu:Relation
2020-01-20T18:39:10Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting; Added 'Commentary' section and reference to work of Guarino and Guizzardi.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Relation==<br />
<br />
''Disambiguation'': The term 'Relation' as used in the literature may refer to one of the following, depending on the context:<br />
* Instance-level [[Edu:entity|entity]]<br />
* Type-level [[Edu:entity|entity]], used interchangeably with, mainly, relationship (e.g., in Entity-Relationship diagrams), association (UML class diagrams), and object property (in OWL)<br />
* Its definitions in mathematics, notably [[Edu:Logic | logic]] <br />
<br />
<br />
'''D1''' (as instance-level entity)<br />
* '''A relation is an [[Edu:Entity|entity]] that asserts a (meaningful) connection between two or more other entities, where the entities are [[Edu:Individual | individuals]], such as [[Edu:Object | objects]], [[Edu:Process | processes]], or [[Edu:Quality | qualities]]. '''<br />
<br />
'''D2''' (as type-level entity)<br />
* '''A relation is an [[Edu:Entity|entity]] that asserts a (meaningful) connection between two or more other entities, where the entities are generally denoted with [[Edu:Class | class]]/[[Edu:Concept | concept]]/[[Edu:Universal | universal]].'''<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Definitions===<br />
<br />
:1. [Natural Language] The way in which two or more people or things are connected. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/relation)<br />
<br />
:2. Relations hold between things, or, alternatively, relations are borne by one thing to other things, or, another alternative paraphrase, relations have a subject of inherence whose relations they are and termini to which they relate the subject. ( [[Edu:TermlistReferences#MacBride2016 | MacBride, 2016]] ])<br />
<br />
:3. [BFO2.0] The manner in which two or more [[Edu:entity | entities]] are associated or connected together. [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]] recognizes three basic types of relation: connecting [[Edu:universal|universal]] to [[Edu:universal|universal]], [[Edu:universal|universal]] to [[Edu:particular|particular]], and [[Edu:particular|particular]] to [[Edu:particular|particular]]. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
<br />
:3. A relationship set, ''R'', is a mathematical relation among ''n'' entities, each taken from an entity set: {(e1, e2, ..., en) | e1 &isin; E1, e2 &isin; E2, ..., en &isin; En}, and each tuple of entities, (e1, e2, ..., en), is a ''relationship''. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#Chen1976 | Chen, 1976]] ])<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Commentary '''<br />
* Guarino and Guizzardi have presented a view that a 'relationship' and 'relation' are different, " ... a relation holds in virtue of a relationship's existence. Relationships are therefore truthmakers of relations." (https://www.academia.edu/28108703/Relationships_and_Events_Towards_a_General_Theory_of_Reification_and_Truthmaking and https://www.academia.edu/11814659/_We_need_to_discuss_the_Relationship_Revisiting_Relationships_as_Modeling_Constructs)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Closely Related Terms '''<br />
<br />
* Domain and range/codomain, also called, more generally, relata<br />
* Relational properties / property characteristics<br />
* The entities mentioned in the definitions above may be one and the same; if that is the case, then that relation is called a ''recursive relation''. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Role&diff=697
Edu:Role
2020-01-20T17:40:02Z
<p>Tsch: Corrected sources of derived definitions and moved 'Description Logics' definition.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Role==<br />
<br />
:1. [Natural Language] The function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/role)<br />
<br />
:2. Role refers to the argument of a verb, aimed at representing meaning. This can be a thematic role, such as 'agent' or a deep role, such as 'worker'. Thematic roles generalise over the deep roles. Context: linguistics. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#jurafsky08|Jurafsky and Martin, 2008]] ] )<br />
<br />
:3. Role is what an object plays in a relation (called 'fact type' in ORM terminology). Context: conceptual data modelling.([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#halpin2008|Halpin and Morgan, 2008]] ])<br />
<br />
:4. A role is a [[Edu:concept|concept]] that can be ‘played’ (in a contingent and temporary way) by certain [[Edu:entity|entities]], when they enter in [[Edu:relation|relationships]] with other entities. Social roles, more specifically, have four characteristics: 1) (i) Roles are (unary) ‘[[Edu:property|properties]]’, 2) Roles are [[Edu:anti-rigid|anti-rigid]] and they have ‘dynamic’ properties, 3) roles have a relational nature, and 4) roles are linked to contexts. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#masoloetal2004|Masolo et al., 2004]] ] )<br />
<br />
:5. [BFO2.0] A [[Edu:Realizable_Entity|realizable entity]] that (1) exists because the bearer is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which the bearer does not have to be, and (2) is not such that, if this realizable entity ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. A role is thus always optional. [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ]<br />
<br />
:6. [Description Logics] A role is an n-ary [[Edu:relation|relation]], where n >=2.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Derived Definitions ====<br />
<br />
'''D1''' (extracted and merged from 4 and 5 above)<br />
* '''A role is an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that is played (or acted out) by another entity.'''<br />
<br />
'''D2''' (extracted and merged from 2 and 3 above)<br />
* '''A role is an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that links another entity to how it participates in a [[Edu:Relation|relation]]; also called ''argument position''.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Closely related terms====<br />
<br />
* For role in the sense of D2: positionalism of relations<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Role&diff=696
Edu:Role
2020-01-20T17:33:23Z
<p>Tsch: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Role==<br />
<br />
:1. [Natural Language] The function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/role)<br />
<br />
:2. Role refers to the argument of a verb, aimed at representing meaning. This can be a thematic role, such as 'agent' or a deep role, such as 'worker'. Thematic roles generalise over the deep roles. Context: linguistics. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#jurafsky08|Jurafsky and Martin, 2008]] ] )<br />
<br />
:3. Role is what an object plays in a relation (called 'fact type' in ORM terminology). Context: conceptual data modelling.([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#halpin2008|Halpin and Morgan, 2008]] ])<br />
<br />
:4. A role is a [[Edu:concept|concept]] that can be ‘played’ (in a contingent and temporary way) by certain [[Edu:entity|entities]], when they enter in [[Edu:relation|relationships]] with other entities. Social roles, more specifically, have four characteristics: 1) (i) Roles are (unary) ‘[[Edu:property|properties]]’, 2) Roles are [[Edu:anti-rigid|anti-rigid]] and they have ‘dynamic’ properties, 3) roles have a relational nature, and 4) roles are linked to contexts. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#masoloetal2004|Masolo et al., 2004]] ] )<br />
<br />
:5. [BFO2.0] A [[Edu:RealizableEntity|realizable entity]] that (1) exists because the bearer is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which the bearer does not have to be, and (2) is not such that, if this realizable entity ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. A role is thus always optional. [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Derived Definitions ====<br />
<br />
'''D1''' (extracted and merged from V1.1-1.2)<br />
* '''A role is an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that is played (or acted out) by another entity.'''<br />
<br />
'''D2''' (extracted and merged from V1.3-1.4)<br />
* '''A role is an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that links another entity to how it participates in a [[Edu:Relation|relation]]; also called ''argument position''.'''<br />
<br />
'''D3''' (in Description Logics)<br />
* '''A role is an n-ary [[Edu:relation|relation]], where n >=2.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Closely related terms====<br />
<br />
* For role in the sense of D2: positionalism of relations<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Property&diff=695
Edu:Property
2020-01-20T17:31:11Z
<p>Tsch: Replaced 'Semantic Web' definition with something more accurate.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Property ==<br />
<br />
:1 [Natural Language] An attribute, quality, or characteristic of something. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/property)<br />
<br />
:2 [Logic] A property is a unary predicate in intention.<br />
<br />
:3 [W3C OWL 2] A property is a binary relation: Annotation Property, Object Property, or Data Property. (https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-owl2-primer-20121211/)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Particular-Particular_Relation&diff=694
Edu:Particular-Particular Relation
2020-01-20T17:22:14Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Particular-Particular Relation==<br />
<br />
:1. [BFO2.0] A [[Edu:relation|relation]] between one [[Edu:particular|particular]] and another; also called an [[Edu:instance|instance]]-level [[Edu:relation|relation]]; for example: Mary’s leg part of Mary. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu_talk:Type&diff=693
Edu talk:Type
2020-01-15T22:49:40Z
<p>Tsch: Moved entry from Edu:Type page to here.</p>
<hr />
<div>* In some contexts (e.g., BFO Specification 2.0) 'type' is synonymous with 'universal'.<br />
<br />
* Unique name assumption - Note: This is not a 'term' and has a fairly clear interpretation. Hence need not be in the this lexicon.</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Type&diff=692
Edu:Type
2020-01-15T22:48:50Z
<p>Tsch: /* Type */ Revised formatting; Added 'Commentary', Moved (previous) first entry to 'Commentary' section, Moved (previous) second entry to 'Discussion' page, added 'Synonym.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Type ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Commentary '''<br />
* "Type" for the same reason that the term "set". A type in ontology modeling is a mathematical notion typically expressed at the meta-level (language). With this meaning, it should not be a term for ontological modeling.<br />
** (different definition of "type" at the concept level. (entry specification suggested from Richard D.) <br />
<br />
* In BFO2.0 'Type' is Synonymous with [[Synonym::Edu:Universal]] (See pg. 1 [ [[TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Role&diff=691
Edu:Role
2020-01-14T22:12:10Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting and ordering.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Role==<br />
<br />
:1. [Natural Language] The function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/role)<br />
<br />
:2. Role refers to the argument of a verb, aimed at representing meaning. This can be a thematic role, such as 'agent' or a deep role, such as 'worker'. Thematic roles generalise over the deep roles. Context: linguistics. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#jurafsky08|Jurafsky and Martin, 2008]] ] )<br />
<br />
:3. Role is what an object plays in a relation (called 'fact type' in ORM terminology). Context: conceptual data modelling.([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#halpin2008|Halpin and Morgan, 2008]] ])<br />
<br />
:4. A role is a [[Edu:concept|concept]] that can be ‘played’ (in a contingent and temporary way) by certain [[Edu:entity|entities]], when they enter in [[Edu:relation|relationships]] with other entities. Social roles, more specifically, have four characteristics: 1) (i) Roles are (unary) ‘[[Edu:property|properties]]’, 2) Roles are [[Edu:anti-rigid|anti-rigid]] and they have ‘dynamic’ properties, 3) roles have a relational nature, and 4) roles are linked to contexts. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#masoloetal2004|Masolo et al., 2004]] ] )<br />
<br />
:5. [BFO2.0] A [[Edu:RealizableEntity|realizable entity]] that (1) exists because the bearer is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which the bearer does not have to be, and (2) is not such that, if this realizable entity ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. A role is thus always optional. [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Derived Definitions ====<br />
<br />
'''D1''' (extracted and merged from V1.1-1.2)<br />
* '''A role is an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that is played (or acted out) by another entity.'''<br />
<br />
'''D2''' (extracted and merged from V1.3-1.4)<br />
* '''A role is an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that links another entity to how it participates in a [[Edu:Relation|relation]]; also called ''argument position''.'''<br />
<br />
'''D3''' (in Description Logics)<br />
* '''A role is an n-ary [[Edu:relation|relation]], where n >=2.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Closely related terms====<br />
<br />
* For role in the sense of D2: positionalism of relations<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Rigidity&diff=690
Edu:Rigidity
2020-01-14T22:00:13Z
<p>Tsch: Revised formatting.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Rigidity ==<br />
<br />
:1. Rigidity is a property of relations/properties, a meta-property. It is defined in terms of modal logic. <br />
<br />
::* A [[Edu:property|'''property''']] of an entity is essential to that entity if it must be true of it in every possible world, i.e. if it necessarily holds for that entity.<br />
<br />
::* A [[Edu:property|'''property''']] is '''''rigid''''' if it is essential to all its possible instances; an instance of a rigid property cannot stop being an instance of that property in a different world.<br />
<br />
''' Commentary '''<br />
* Rigidity as a meta-property is not “inherited” by sub-properties of properties that carry it. [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#GuarinoWelty2003|Guarino & Welty, 2003(?)]] ]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Continuant&diff=689
Edu:Continuant
2020-01-14T21:52:29Z
<p>Tsch: Corrected link to 'Occurrent'.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Continuant ==<br />
<br />
:1. Entities that continue or persist through time, such as [[Edu:object|objects]], [[Edu:quality | qualities]], and [[Edu:function|functions]]. (Source: Arp, R., & Smith, B. (2008). ''Function, Role, and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology'', Retrieved from [http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1941/version/1/files/npre20081941-1.pdf])<br />
<br />
:2. Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) 2.0 OWL file defines 'continuant' as 'an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity.' (Source: [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/v2.0/bfo.owl BFO 2.0 OWL])<br />
<br />
:3. [[Edu:entity | Entities]] that are ‘in time’, they are ‘wholly’ present (all their proper parts are present) at any time of their existence. (Source: Masolo, C., Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., & Oltramari, A. (2003). ''WonderWeb Deliverable D18'', Retrieved from [http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/D18.pdf]).<br />
<br />
:4. An [[Edu:entity|entity]] that ''continues'' or ''persists'' through time, including (1) independent [[Edu:object|objects]], (2) [[Edu:quality | qualities]] and [[Edu:disposition|dispositions]], and (3) the [[Edu:spatial region|spatial regions]] these [[Edu:entity | entities]] occupy at any given time. [[Edu:Continuant|'''Continuant''']] and [[Edu:occurrent|'''occurrent''']] are the two highest categories ([[Edu:universal|universal]]s) in [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]]. (Source: Arp, R., Smith, B., & Spear, A.D. (2015). ''Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology''. Cambridge: The MIT Press)<br />
<br />
<br />
''' Commentary '''<br />
* In [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]] Continuants are contrasted with (and disjoint with) [[Edu:Occurrent | Occurrent]].<br />
* 'Endurant' is the term used in DOLCE. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#masoloetal2015|Masolo et al., 2003]]])<br />
* In applied ontology Continuant and Endurant are commonly taken as synonyms, also widely in philosophy, although a bit more attention may be paid there, cf. [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/temporal-parts/ Hawley], 2015, near end of section 2.<br />
<br />
<br />
Synonymous with [[Synonym::Edu:Endurant]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Relational_Quality&diff=688
Edu:Relational Quality
2020-01-14T21:48:39Z
<p>Tsch: /* Relational Quality */ Revised formatting.</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Relational Quality==<br />
<br />
<br />
:1. [BFO2.0] A [[Edu:quality|quality]] that inheres in two or more independent [[Edu:continuant|continuants]]. Examples include a marriage bond, a debt, an agreement. [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Quality&diff=687
Edu:Quality
2020-01-14T21:47:39Z
<p>Tsch: /* Quality */ Added English natural language definition</p>
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<div><br />
== Quality ==<br />
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:1. [DOLCE] An [[Edu:entity|entity]] we can perceive or measure; qualities are particulars. Qualities inhere to entities: every [[Edu:entity|entity]] (including qualities themselves) comes with certain qualities, which exist as long as the [[Edu:entity|entity]] exists ([http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/D18.pdf WonderWeb Deliverable D18]). <br />
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:2. [BFO2.0] A specifically dependent [[Edu:continuant|continuant]] [[Edu:entity|entity]] that has at least one independent [[Edu:continuant|continuant]] as its bearer, and whose instances can be realized (manifested, actualized, executed) in associated processes of specific correlated types in which the bearer participates [ [[TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ].<br />
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:3. [Natural Language] A distinctive attribute or characteristic possessed by someone or something. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/quality)<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Quality&diff=686
Edu:Quality
2020-01-14T21:45:39Z
<p>Tsch: /* Quality */ Revised format and added links to other terms.</p>
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<div><br />
== Quality ==<br />
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:1 [DOLCE] An [[Edu:entity|entity]] we can perceive or measure; qualities are particulars. Qualities inhere to entities: every [[Edu:entity|entity]] (including qualities themselves) comes with certain qualities, which exist as long as the [[Edu:entity|entity]] exists ([http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/D18.pdf WonderWeb Deliverable D18]). <br />
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:2 [BFO2.0] A specifically dependent [[Edu:continuant|continuant]] [[Edu:entity|entity]] that has at least one independent [[Edu:continuant|continuant]] as its bearer, and whose instances can be realized (manifested, actualized, executed) in associated processes of specific correlated types in which the bearer participates [ [[TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ].<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Property&diff=685
Edu:Property
2020-01-14T21:39:27Z
<p>Tsch: /* Property */ Added natural language definition and revised formatting.</p>
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<div><br />
== Property ==<br />
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:1 [Natural Language] An attribute, quality, or characteristic of something. (https://www.lexico.com/definition/property)<br />
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:2 [Logic] A property is a unary predicate in intention.<br />
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:3 [Semantic Web] A property is a binary relation.<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Process_boundary&diff=684
Edu:Process boundary
2020-01-14T21:33:48Z
<p>Tsch: /* Process Boundary */ Reformatted.</p>
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<div><br />
== Process Boundary==<br />
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[BFO2.0] An [[Edu:occurrent|occurrent]] [[Edu:entity|entity]] that is the instantaneous temporal boundary of a [[Edu:process|process]]. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Endurant&diff=682
Edu:Endurant
2020-01-09T23:01:41Z
<p>Tsch: /* Endurant */</p>
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<div><br />
== Endurant ==<br />
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:1. [DOLCE] Something is an endurant if (i) it exists at more than one moment and (ii) its parts can be determined only relatively to something else (for instance time) ([http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/D18.pdf WonderWeb Deliverable D18])<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* 'Continuant' is the term used in BFO. <br />
* In applied ontology Endurant and [[Synonym::Edu:Continuant]] are commonly taken as synonyms, also widely in philosophy, although a bit more attention may be paid there, cf. [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/temporal-parts/ Hawley], 2015, near end of section 2.<br />
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Synonymous with [[Synonym::Edu:Continuant]]<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Continuant&diff=681
Edu:Continuant
2020-01-09T22:57:33Z
<p>Tsch: /* Continuant */</p>
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<div>== Continuant ==<br />
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:1. Entities that continue or persist through time, such as [[Edu:object|objects]], [[Edu:quality | qualities]], and [[Edu:function|functions]]. (Source: Arp, R., & Smith, B. (2008). ''Function, Role, and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology'', Retrieved from [http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1941/version/1/files/npre20081941-1.pdf])<br />
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:2. Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) 2.0 OWL file defines 'continuant' as 'an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity.' (Source: [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/v2.0/bfo.owl BFO 2.0 OWL])<br />
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:3. [[Edu:entity | Entities]] that are ‘in time’, they are ‘wholly’ present (all their proper parts are present) at any time of their existence. (Source: Masolo, C., Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., & Oltramari, A. (2003). ''WonderWeb Deliverable D18'', Retrieved from [http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/D18.pdf]).<br />
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:4. An [[Edu:entity|entity]] that ''continues'' or ''persists'' through time, including (1) independent [[Edu:object|objects]], (2) [[Edu:quality | qualities]] and [[Edu:disposition|dispositions]], and (3) the [[Edu:spatial region|spatial regions]] these [[Edu:entity | entities]] occupy at any given time. [[Edu:Continuant|'''Continuant''']] and [[Edu:occurrent|'''occurrent''']] are the two highest categories ([[Edu:universal|universal]]s) in [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]]. (Source: Arp, R., Smith, B., & Spear, A.D. (2015). ''Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology''. Cambridge: The MIT Press)<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* In [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]] Continuants are contrasted with (and disjoint with) [[Occurrent]]<br />
* 'Endurant' is the term used in DOLCE. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#masoloetal2015|Masolo et al., 2003]]])<br />
* In applied ontology Continuant and Endurant are commonly taken as synonyms, also widely in philosophy, although a bit more attention may be paid there, cf. [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/temporal-parts/ Hawley], 2015, near end of section 2.<br />
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Synonymous with [[Synonym::Edu:Endurant]]<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Continuant&diff=680
Edu:Continuant
2020-01-09T22:55:57Z
<p>Tsch: </p>
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<div>== Continuant ==<br />
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:1. Entities that continue or persist through time, such as [[Edu:object|objects]], [[Edu:quality | qualities]], and [[Edu:function|functions]]. (Source: Arp, R., & Smith, B. (2008). ''Function, Role, and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology'', Retrieved from [http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1941/version/1/files/npre20081941-1.pdf])<br />
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:2. Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) 2.0 OWL file defines 'continuant' as 'an [[Edu:entity|entity]] that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity.' (Source: [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/v2.0/bfo.owl BFO 2.0 OWL])<br />
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:3. [[Edu:entity | Entities]] that are ‘in time’, they are ‘wholly’ present (all their proper parts are present) at any time of their existence. (Source: Masolo, C., Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., & Oltramari, A. (2003). ''WonderWeb Deliverable D18'', Retrieved from [http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/D18.pdf]).<br />
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:4. An [[Edu:entity|entity]] that ''continues'' or ''persists'' through time, including (1) independent [[Edu:object|objects]], (2) [[Edu:quality | qualities]] and [[Edu:disposition|dispositions]], and (3) the [[Edu:spatial region|spatial regions]] these [[Edu:entity | entities]] occupy at any given time. [[Edu:Continuant|'''Continuant''']] and [[Edu:occurrent|'''occurrent''']] are the two highest categories ([[Edu:universal|universal]]s) in [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]]. (Source: Arp, R., Smith, B., & Spear, A.D. (2015). ''Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology''. Cambridge: The MIT Press)<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* In [[Edu:Basic Formal Ontology - BFO | BFO]] Continuants are contrasted with (and disjoint with) [[Occurrent]]<br />
* 'Endurant' is the term used in DOLCE. <br />
* In applied ontology Continuant and Endurant are commonly taken as synonyms, also widely in philosophy, although a bit more attention may be paid there, cf. [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/temporal-parts/ Hawley], 2015, near end of section 2.<br />
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Synonymous with [[Synonym::Edu:Endurant]]<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Process&diff=679
Edu:Process
2020-01-09T22:54:29Z
<p>Tsch: /* Process */</p>
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<div><br />
== Process==<br />
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:1. [BFO2.0] An [[Edu:occurrent|occurrent]] [[Edu:entity|entity]] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts, and always depends on at least one independent [[Edu:continuant|continuant]] as participant. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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:2. [DOLCE] A maximally strongly connected occurrent. (p. 66 [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#masoloetal2015|Masolo et al., 2003]]] ]) <br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Process&diff=678
Edu:Process
2020-01-09T22:51:29Z
<p>Tsch: Modified format; Added definition from DOLCE.</p>
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<div><br />
== Process==<br />
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:1. [BFO2.0] An [[Edu:occurrent|occurrent]] [[Edu:entity|entity]] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts, and always depends on at least one independent [[Edu:continuant|continuant]] as participant. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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:2. [DOLCE] A maximally strongly connected occurrent.<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Predicate&diff=677
Edu:Predicate
2020-01-09T22:45:20Z
<p>Tsch: /* Predicate */ To add space between entries, had to add numbering manually; Modified format; Added 'Commentary' section, moved some text to it and added additional comment.</p>
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<div><br />
== Predicate ==<br />
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:1. [Logic] A predicate or relation is a function that maps its arguments to the truth values 1 and 0 or T and F. (Knowledge Representation, John F. Sowa, 2000, Brooks Cole, pg. 468).<br />
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:2. [Logic] Predicate is short for ... Propositional Function P(x1,x2,...,xn), for n >= 0 if (independent) variables. (Mathematical Logic, Stephen Kleene,1967, John Wiley & Sons, pg. 74). <br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* [Informally] A predicate is a statement that may be true or false depending on the values of its variables. It can be thought of as an operator or function that returns a value that is either true or false. For example, predicates are sometimes used to indicate set membership: when talking about sets, it is sometimes inconvenient or impossible to describe a set by listing all of its elements. Thus, a predicate P(x) will be true or false, depending on whether x belongs to a set.<br />
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* Predicates are commonly used to refer to properties of objects, by defining the set of all objects that have some property in common.<br />
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* The notion 'predicate' is also used to refer to an n-ary relation.<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:TermlistReferences&diff=676
Edu:TermlistReferences
2020-01-09T22:27:51Z
<p>Tsch: /* Publications */ Added Specification of 'Glossary' for 'Arp et al., 2015'.</p>
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<div>== Lists of References for the [[Edu:Term_List|Term List]] ==<br />
This page captures [[#publications|publications]] and [[#weblinks|weblinks]] in two separate lists. Both are sorted alphabetically by citation keys.<br />
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=== <div id="publications"/>Publications ===<br />
:<div id="arpsmith2008"/>'''[Arp & Smith, 2008]''' (preprint):Arp, Robert, & Smith, Barry (2008). '''Function, Role, and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology'''. [http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1941/version/1/files/npre20081941-1.pdf]<br />
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:<div id="arpetal2015"/>'''[Arp et al., 2015]''' (book): Arp, Robert, Smith, Barry, & Spear, Andrew D. (2015). '''Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology'''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: The MIT Press. [https://mitpress.mit.edu/building-ontologies] [https://books.google.de/books?id=AUxQCgAAQBAJ]; ''Glossary'', pp. 177-186<br />
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:<div id="chen1976"/>'''[Chen, 1976]''' (article): Chen, P.P. '''The entity-relationship model—toward a unified view of data''', ACM Trans. Database Syst. 1 (1976) 9–36.<br />
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:<div id="embley2009"/>'''[Embley, 2009]''' (encyclopedia): Embley, D.W. (2004). '''Semantic Data Model'''. Encyclopedia of Database Systems. Springer-Verlag.<br />
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:<div id="Gomezetal2004"/>'''[Gómez-Pérez et al., 2004]''' (book):Gómez-Pérez, Asunción, Fernández-López, Mariano, & Corcho, Oscar (2004). '''Ontological Engineering'''. London, GB: Springer-Verlag.<br />
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:<div id="Guarino1998"/>'''[Guarino, 1998]''' '''Formal ontology and information systems'''. In: Proceedings of Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS’98), Frontiers in Artificial intelligence and Applications, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 3-15, June 6-8, 1998. [http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/FOIS98.pdf]<br />
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:<div id="Guarino1999"/>'''[Guarino, 1999]''' '''The Role of Identity Conditions in Ontology Design'''. In: Proceedings of the IJCAI-99 workshop on Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methds (KRR5), Stockholm, Sweeden, August 2, 1999.<br />
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:<div id="GuarinoWelty2000"/>'''[Nicola Guarino & Christopher Welty, 2000]''' '''A Formal Ontology of Properties'''. In: Rose Dieng (ed.), Proceedings of 12th Int. Conf. on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, Lecture Notes on Computer Science, © Springer Verlag 2000.<br />
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:<div id="GuarinoWelty2003"/>'''[Nicola Guarino & Christopher Welty, 2003(?)]''' '''An Overview of OntoClean'''. Preprint.<br />
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:<div id="halpin2008"/>'''[Halpin and Morgan, 2008]''' (book):Halpin, TA, Morgan T (2008). '''Information modeling and relational databases'''. Morgan Kaufmann. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123735683]<br />
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:<div id="hawley2015"/>'''[Hawley, 2015]''' (encyclopedia article):Hawley, Katherine (2015). '''Temporal Parts'''. In: Zalta, Edward N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2015 Edition). Stanford, California, USA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2015/entries/temporal-parts/] (cited ed.) [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/temporal-parts/] (latest ed.)<br />
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:<div id="hedman2004"/>'''[Hedman, 2004]''' (book): [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-first-course-in-logic-9780198529811?cc=za&lang=en& A first course in logic|an introduction to model theory, proof theory, computability, and complexity]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. <br />
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:<div id="kuhne2006"/>'''[Kühne, 2004]''' (article): Kühne, T. Matters of (meta-) modeling. Softw Syst Model (2006) 5:369–385. <br />
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:<div id="jurafsky2008"/>'''[Jurafsky and Martin, 2008]''' (book):Jurafsky D & Martin, JH. (2008). '''Speech and Language Processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition'''. Pearson. [https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/]<br />
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:<div id="MacBride2016"/>'''[MacBride, 2016]''' (encyclopedia): MacBride, F. '''Relations''', The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/relations].<br />
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:<div id="masoloetal2004"/>'''[Masolo et al., 2004]''' (conference paper): Masolo, C., Vieu, L., Bottazzi, E., Catenacci, Ferrario, R., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N. (2004). '''Social Roles and their Descriptions'''. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2004), edited by D. Dubois, C. Welty, M.A. Williams (Eds.), pp. 267-277. Menlo Park [CA]: AAAI Press, 2004 . [http://www.aaai.org/Papers/KR/2004/KR04-029.pdf]).<br />
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:<div id="masoloetal2003"/>'''[Masolo et al., 2003]''' (project deliverable):Masolo, Claudio, Borgo, Stefano, Gangemi, Aldo, Guarino, Nicola, & Oltramari, Alessandro (2003). '''WonderWeb Deliverable D18: : Ontology Library (final)'''. Laboratory for Applied Ontology, ISTC-CNR, Trento, Italy. [http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/Papers/D18.pdf]).<br />
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:<div id="smithetal2015"/>'''[Smith et al., 2015]''' Basic Formal Ontology 2.0, SPECIFICATION AND USER’S GUIDE. (https://github.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/raw/master/docs/bfo2-reference/BFO2-Reference.pdf)<br />
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=== <div id="weblinks"/>Web References ===<br />
:<div id="bfo20owl"/>'''[BFO 2.0 OWL]''':[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BFO-ontology/BFO/v2.0/bfo.owl]<br />
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:<div id="CIDOC/CRM"/>'''[CIDOC CRM]''':[http://www.cidoc-crm.org/]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Particular&diff=675
Edu:Particular
2020-01-09T22:24:14Z
<p>Tsch: To add space between entries, had to add numbering manually; Modified format.</p>
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<div><br />
== Particular ==<br />
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: 1. As a noun, “particular” has various applications, some of which lead to philosophical dispute. As a single entity of a class or kind, a particular has a unique path through space and time and unlike universals cannot be instantiated by other entities, however similar they are to the initial particular. [...] Particulars should be distinguished from individuals, for while all particulars are individuals, many individuals, instead of being particulars, are abstract and general. Philosophers have different opinions about the ontological status of particulars, depending on their account of universals.(p.505, 'particular', in The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy 2004)<br />
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:2. [[Edu:Entity | Entities]] which have no [[Edu:instance|instances]]. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#masoloetal2003|Masolo et al., 2003]] ] )<br />
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:3. [BFO2.0] An [[Edu:individual|individual]] (nonrepeatable) denizen of reality (an instance of a [[Edu:universal|universal]]); all particulars stand in the relation of ''instantiates'' to some [[Edu:universal|universal]]; each particular occupies a unique spatiotemporal location. [ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ]<br />
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Synonymous with [[Synonym::Edu:Individual|Individual]] and [[Synonym::Edu:Instance|Instance]]<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
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https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Open-world_Assumption&diff=674
Edu:Open-world Assumption
2020-01-09T22:21:45Z
<p>Tsch: To add space between entries, had to add numbering manually; Modified format.</p>
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<div><br />
== Open-World Assumption ==<br />
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:1. The assumption that we capture knowledge within an [[Edu:ontology|ontology]] or ontology-like resource in an ongoing [[Edu:process|process]] as we discover it, so that we can at no stage guarantee that we have discovered complete information — hence no conclusions should be drawn from the fact that a given assertion is not recorded in our system. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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:2. In a formal system of logic used for knowledge representation, the open-world assumption is the assumption that the truth value of a statement may be true irrespective of whether or not it is known to be true. It is the opposite of the closed-world assumption, which holds that any statement that is true is also known to be true. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-world_assumption)<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
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https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Foundational_Ontology&diff=673
Edu:Foundational Ontology
2020-01-09T22:19:04Z
<p>Tsch: /* Foundational Ontology */ Added an IAOA definition.</p>
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<div><br />
== Foundational Ontology==<br />
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:1. An ontology which consists of very general notions (e.g. relations and categories/classes/universals) that are common across many (if not all) domains.<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* This definition is most applicable in the context of information science and information systems.<br />
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Synonymous with [[Synonym::Edu:Upper-level Ontology|Upper-level ontology]] and [[Synonym::Edu:Top-level Ontology|Top-level ontology]] <br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch
https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Domain_Ontology&diff=672
Edu:Domain Ontology
2020-01-09T22:11:36Z
<p>Tsch: /* Domain Ontology */ Added 'Commentary' section and put what had been the 'D2' definition there with the correct reference.</p>
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<div><br />
== Domain Ontology==<br />
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:1. An [[Edu:ontology|ontology]] that describes the vocabulary related to a generic [[Edu:domain|domain]] (like medicine, or automobiles). ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#Guarino1998| Guarino, 1998]] ])<br />
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:2. A domain ontology is an ontology that describes and categorizes some domain. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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:3. An [[Edu:ontology|ontology]] that provides vocabulary about [[Edu:concept|concepts]] within a [[Edu:domain|domain]] and their relationships, about the activities taking place in that [[Edu:domain|domain]], and about the theories and elementary principles governing that [[Edu:domain|domain]]. The [[Edu:concept|concepts]] in [[Edu:domain|domain]] [[Edu:ontology | ontologies]] are usually specializations of [[Edu:concept|concepts]] already defined in [[Edu:top-level ontology|top-level ontology]], and the same might occur with the [[Edu:relation|relations]]. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#Gomezetal2004| Gómez-Pérez et al., 2004]] ])<br />
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''' Commentary '''<br />
* A more extensive explanation of 'Domain Ontology' can be found on page 32, [[TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]]: An [[Edu:ontology|ontology]] that consists of a [[Edu:taxonomy|taxonomy]] together with other [[Edu:relation|relations]], along with definitions and axioms governing how its [[Edu:term|terms]] and [[Edu:relation|relations]] are to be understood. It is thus a [[Edu:taxonomy|taxonomy]] that has been enhanced to include more information about the [[Edu:universal|universals]], [[Edu:class|classes]], and [[Edu:relation|relations]] that it represents. Provides a controlled, structured representation of the [[Edu:entity | entities]] within the relevant [[Edu:domain|domain]], one that can be used, for example, to annotate data pertaining to [[Edu:entity | entities]] in that [[Edu:domain|domain]] in order to make the data more easily accessible and shareable by human beings and processable by computers. It can also be called material [[Edu:ontology|ontology]]. <br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
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https://wiki.iaoa.org/index.php?title=Edu:Domain_Ontology&diff=671
Edu:Domain Ontology
2020-01-09T22:04:00Z
<p>Tsch: To add space between entries, had to add numbering manually; Modified format; Moved what had been the D2 definition to the 'Discussion' page.</p>
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<div><br />
== Domain Ontology==<br />
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:1. An [[Edu:ontology|ontology]] that describes the vocabulary related to a generic [[Edu:domain|domain]] (like medicine, or automobiles). ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#Guarino1998| Guarino, 1998]] ])<br />
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:2. A domain ontology is an ontology that describes and categorizes some domain. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#arpetal2015|Arp et al., 2015]] ])<br />
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:3. An [[Edu:ontology|ontology]] that provides vocabulary about [[Edu:concept|concepts]] within a [[Edu:domain|domain]] and their relationships, about the activities taking place in that [[Edu:domain|domain]], and about the theories and elementary principles governing that [[Edu:domain|domain]]. The [[Edu:concept|concepts]] in [[Edu:domain|domain]] [[Edu:ontology | ontologies]] are usually specializations of [[Edu:concept|concepts]] already defined in [[Edu:top-level ontology|top-level ontology]], and the same might occur with the [[Edu:relation|relations]]. ([ [[Edu:TermlistReferences#Gomezetal2004| Gómez-Pérez et al., 2004]] ])<br />
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[[Category:Term|Term]]</div>
Tsch